形容词与副词

大纲要求：

形容词与副词掌握比较级的构成及其用法。

一、形容词在句子中的作用

1、形容词在句子中可以作定语、表语、宾语补足语。

A good boy must behave himself. 好孩子应当行为规矩。(定语)

I like this red dress very much.(定语)

She is beautiful. (表语)

The patient is asleep. (表语)

Who has got the window open? (宾语补足语)

Ive got everything ready for the class. (宾语补足语)

I said it would happen， and sure enough it did happen.(独立成分)

2、大多数形容词既可作定语又可作表语，但有少数形容词只能作表语。

This is a red dress. The dress is red.

alike， afraid， alone， asleep， awake， aware， alive， ashamed， unable， content.

二、副词在句子中的作用

副词在句子中主要作状语，可以修饰动词、形容词、副词，有时修饰整个句子。

Unfortunately， he wasnt at home when I came. (修饰整个句子)

Luckily， she wasnt injured in the accident.(修饰整个句子)

Her pronunciation is very good.(修饰形容词)

I have been extremely busy these days.(修饰形容词)

I can hardly agree with you.(修饰动词)

He works terribly (quite) hard. (修饰副词)

三、形容词和副词比较级和最高级的构成

1.单音节词和少数双音节词(如以y结尾的)在词尾加-er ， -est.

如：small， smaller， smallest; great， greater， greatest; clever， cleverer， cleverest; quiet， quieter， quietest ; common， commoner， commonest; narrow， narrower， narrowest.

2、以e结尾的词加-r ， -st .

如：larger， larger ， largest ; simple， simpler ， simplest ; polite， politer ， politest; brave， braver， bravest; fine， finer， finest.

3、以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词，变y为i 再加-er ， -est .

如：busy，busier， busiest; heavy，heavier， heaviest; happy，happier， happiest.

4、以一个辅音字母结尾的词，双写该辅音字母，再加-er， -est .(一个辅音字母结尾;重读闭音节)

如：big，bigger， biggest; thin，thinner， thinnest; hot，hotter， hottest.

双音节词，多音节词比较级和最高级在词前加more， most.

如：difficult， more difficult， most difficult， interesting， more interesting， most interesting; useful， more useful， most useful.

特殊的比较级和最高级

四、形容词和副词比较级的用法

1、比较级常与than引导的状语从句连用，表示与什么相比。

This room is bigger than any other one in the hotel.

为了避免重复，从句常用一些代词。

比较必须是两个相同的成分。

Everyday he arrives earlier than anyone else in the company.

Small oranges are usually sweeter than big ones.

It is better to be prepared than unprepared.

This is easier said than done.

She is taller than I(me)。

I meet with more difficulties than she does.

The girls in my class are more active than those in his class.

数 词

大纲要求

基数词及其用法;序数词的构成及其用法;分数词的构成;小数的用法。

一、基数词及其主要用法

表示数目的词称基数词。15 fifteen，几百几千不加s，242 two hundred and forty-two，5058 five thousand and fifty-eight，9，600，000 nine million six hundred thousand

1.基数词可以用于数字的计算。

6+8=14 Six plus eight is fourteen.

9-7=2 Nine minus seven is two.

7X5= 35 Seven times five is thirty-five.

8÷4=2 Eight divided by four is two.

2.基数词可以表示人的大致年龄和年代。

He died in his fifties.

This took place in 1990s/1990s.

The professor became successful in his thirties.

3.基数词可以用来表达年份、时间、电话号码。

1700 seventeen hundred

1814 eighteen fourteen

9：20 nine twenty

11：30 eleven thirty/ half past eleven

5：45 five forty-five/ a quarter to six

88760231 eight eight seven， six zero two， three one

4.基数词可以用于编号。

Number six， line 4， page 19， Bus(No.) 332， Platform (No.) 5， Room 101

5.基数词可以和其他词一起构成合成形容词，在句子中作定语。

A one-month-old baby can recognize its mother by smell.

This eleven-month-old baby can speak a few words.

(The baby is eleven months old.)

The teacher asked us to write a four-thousand-word essay as our homework.

(There are four thousand words in the essay.)

This four-paragraph essay is too difficult for me to understand.

(There are four paragraphs in this essay. )

二、序数词及其主要用法

表示顺序的词称为序数词。如first， second， third， fourth， ninth， twenty-first， forty-fifth等。

序数词可以用来表示日期和世纪。May the first / the first of May(5.1)， August the eighth / the eighth of August(8.8)， the twentieth century， the twenty-first century

序数词在句子中前面一般加the

The first of October is our National Day.

She was the third to arrive.

序数词在句子中前面加不定冠词，表示“再一”又一“。

Theyll have to do it a second time.

Shall I ask him a third time?

When he sat down ， a fourth man rose to ask.

三、分数词的构成

分数的分子用基数词表示，分母用序数词表示，若分子大于1，分母需用复数。

two-thirds(2/3)，one-third(1/3)， nine-tenths (9/10)， five-twelfths(5/12)。

特殊表达法有：one half (1/2)，a quarter (1/4)， three quarters (3/4)

考试重点

基数词可以和其他词一起构成合成形容词，在句子中作定语，名词不能加s.

数词部分需特别注意dozen， hundred， million， billion 等词。表示具体数字时，这些词用单数形式，表示不具体的数字时，须用dozens of， hundreds of 这类的结构。

I want three dozen of these.

He has been there dozens of times.

It is reported that _____ people in this area were saved in the storm.

A. hundred B. hundred of C. hundreds of D. some hundreds

(答案 C)

当数词与名词及其他词构成合成形容词时，合成形容词中间若用连字符，则其中的名词须用单数形式。

The homework for the next period is to write a two-hundred-word composition about your hometown.

Mary is a eleven-year-old girl.

(Mary is eleven years old.)

代 词

包括：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词、关系代词、不定代词及其用法。

一、人称代词

人称代词有第一、第二、第三人称和单数、复数之分，在句子中可以作主语和宾

语。英语中有下列人称代词：

在并列的主语或宾语中，I或me 通常放在后面。如：

Liping and I are in charge of the work.

My farther asks my sister and me to have dinner with him tomorrow.

二、物主代词

物主代词有形容词型与名词型之分。形容词型物主代词在句子中作定语，名词型物主代词在句子中主要作主语、宾语、表语、定语(接在of 后面)。英语中有下列物主代词：

名词型的物主代词相当于形容词型的物主代词加上上文出现的名词。如：

My bag is yellow， his(his bag) is black and theirs(their bags) are brown.

三、反身代词

英语中有下列反身代词：

反身代词在句子中可以作宾语、表语、同位语等。如：

Please help yourself to some tea.(宾语)

The boy is too young to look after himself.(宾语)

Ill be myself again in no time.(表语)

The desk itself is not so heavy. (同位语)

I fixed the door myself. (同位语)

四、指示代词

指示代词包括this， that， these， those 和such， 在句子中可以作主语、定语、表语、宾语等(such不作宾语)。

that和those有时分别用来代表前面提到的不可数名词和名词复数，以避免重复。而可数名词单数往往用the one 或that one 来代替。用the one 的时候更多一些。如：

These machines are better than those we turned out last year. 生产

The oil output of this year is much higher than that of last year. 产量

The best wine is that from France.

My room is lighter than the one next door.

Ill take the seat next to the one by the window.

The film is more funny than that one.

that 可以指上面提到的事情，this指下面要谈的事情。如：

They have no time to read the books. Thats their trouble.

She was ill yesterday. Thats why she was absent.

I want to know this： How much money we have left?

What I want to say is this： Pronunciation is very important in learning English.

this 和that 有时还可以用来表示程度。如：

I dont want that much.

He is not that wise.

The book is about this thick.

冠 词

大纲要求：

1、不定冠词的基本用法

2、定冠词的基本用法

3、不加冠词的基本规则以及冠词的习惯用法

冠词是一种虚词，只能附着在名词上帮助说明名词的含义。

冠词分为定冠词(the)和不冠词(a或an)两类，定冠词表示特指，不定冠词表示泛指。

a用于读音以辅音开头的词前面，an用于读音以元音开头的词前面。

如：a university， a useful book， an umbrella， a horse， an honest man.

一、不定冠词的基本用法

1.表示“一”的含义。

Give me a pen please.

We go shopping twice a week.

2.泛指某个人或东西。

Yesterday we visited an English secondary school.

She picked up a magazine and began to read.

3.表示一类人或东西。

He works as a language teacher in that university.

As a writer， he is successful.

Even a child can answer this question.

可数名词单数出现，泛指用不定冠词，特指用定冠词。一个可数名词的单数不能自己单独出现。

二、定冠词的基本用法

1.表示特定的人或东西。

Give me the magazine.

Have you decided on the prices yet?

The book on the table is an English dictionary.

Beijing is the capital of China.

2.复述前文提到的人或东西。

Last week， I saw a flim. The film is about a love story between two middle-aged people.

The old man saw a house in the field. He went into the house and found a beautiful girl sitting there and singing.

3.用于形容词前面，代表一类人或东西。

the poor 穷人 the rich 富人 the wounded 受伤的人

the sick 生病的人 the beautiful 美丽的事物 the old 老年人

the young 年青人

4.用于表示世界上独一无二的东西的名词前面。

the moon， the sun， the earth

The moon moves aroud the earth.

We have friends all over the world.

Dont build castles in the air.

5.用于序数词、方位名词、形容词与副词的最高级前面，副词最高级前面的the 可以省略。

January is the first month of the year.

The sun rises in the east.

Japan lies to the east of China.

Beijing lies in the north of China.

Ireland lies on the Great Britain.

At the Childrens Palace， some children learn to play the piano， others learn to play the violin.

Last week we went to the theatre.

Among the three girls she speaks English the best.

“东、南、西、北”作副词时，前面不加冠词。

We are walking south.

形容词最高级前若有物主代词，就不加定冠词。

Monday is my busiest day.

6.用于姓氏的复数形式前，表示一家人或夫妇俩。

The Lius have moved to Guangzhou.

The Simths came to China for visit in 1996.

7.不可数名词前面通常不加定冠词，但若有限制性定语修饰，或表示特定部分、特定内容时，前面需加定冠词。

Drink some water.

Is the water in the well fit for drink?

What do you think of the music?

He cant take the advice his mother gives him.